Pop Art

 The term first appeared in Britain during the 1950s and referred to the interest of a number of artists in the images of mass media, advertising, comics and consumer products. The 1950s were a period of optimism in Britain following the end of war-time rationing, and a consumer boom took place. Influenced by the art seen in Eduardo Paolozzi's 1953 exhibition Parallel between Art and Life at the Institute for Contemporary Arts, and by American artists such as Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg, British artists such as Richard Hamilton and the Independent Group aimed at broadening taste into more popular, less academic art. Hamilton helped organize the 'Man, Machine, and Motion' exhibition in 1955, and 'This is Tomorrow' with its landmark image Just What is it that makes today's home so different, so appealing? (1956). Pop Art therefore coincided with the youth and pop music phenomenon of the 1950s and '60s, and became very much a part of the image of fashionable, 'swinging' London. Peter Blake, for example, designed album covers for Elvis Presley and the Beatles and placed film stars such as Brigitte Bardot in his pictures in the same way that Warhol was immortalizing Marilyn Monroe in the USA. Pop art came in a number of waves, but all its adherents - Joe Trilson, Richard Smith, Peter Phillips, David Hockney and R.B. Kitaj - shared some interest in the urban, consumer, modern experience.

                                                       

Pop Painterly Abstraction

Post Painterly Abstraction is a term invented by the American art critic Clement Greenberg (1909-1984) for an exhibition of the same name, which called attention to a less energetic and more colorful direction in art. He took the word ‘painterly’ (in German ‘malerisch') from the great Swiss art historian Heinrich Wölfflin (1864–1945), who had discussed it in his book Kunstgeschichtliche Grundbegriffe (1915), translated as Principles of Art History (1932). By it he understood ‘the blurred, broken, loose definition of colour and contour; ' Post-Painterly Abstractionists, in contrast, moved towards ‘physical openness of design, or toward linear clarity, or toward both'.  It was precipitated by artists  Gene Davis, Paul Feeley, John Ferren, Sam Francis, Helen Frankenthaler, Alfred Jensen, Morris Louis, Jules Olitski an Frank Stella. 

                                                          'Bridge' by Kenneth Noland, 1964

Frank Stella's 'Harran II', 1967

                             

Abstract Expressionism

Abstract Expressionism is a post world war II art movement.It was the first American movement that succeeded worldwide influence and the reason why New York became the center of the art world.According to the art critic Robert Coates the term 'abstract expressionism ' was first used in Germany in 1919 in the magazine Der Sturm.Yet it is actually applied to American art in 1946.Alfred Barr was the first man to use the term in 1929 in the United States, according to the works of Wassily Kandinsky.The name of the movement comes from the emotional intensity and self denial of German Expressionists.

Willem De Kooning,Woman V.1952-1953

Hans Hoffman ,The Gate,1959-1960

Surrealism

Surrealism is an artistic style and cultural movement that flourished in 1924.Andre Barton is a founder of this style.It's aim is to to creat art with using visual imagery from the subconscious mind.It is famous for its visual arts and writings.Surrealism was arose from Dada during World War I,in Europe centered in Paris.The movement influenced fron the works of Freud and Jung.It can be seen that surrealism and symbolism resemble in some ways.Some of the greatest artists influenced by Surrealist movement and involved into the group. Giorgio de Chirico, Man Ray,Rene Magritte are some of the names that attracted from surrealist movement. Surrealism spread all around the world and influenced visal arts, literature, film and music.The word Surrealism founded by Guillaume Apollinaire.

Giorgio de Chirico's Red Tower( La Tour Rouge) ,1913

Pittura Metafisica

Pittura metafisica is a style of art that found by Italian artists Giorgio de Chirico and Carlo Carra in 1912 to 1920.Their works were based on sharp contrasts of light and shadow.De Chirico established the school with his brother Alberto Savinio and Carra in 1917.Chirico developed the style that he later called Metaphysical
Painting while in Milan. He created a sense of dislocation between past and present in his many works while he was in Florence.He used sharp contrasts of light and shadow artifically and showed the created the bitter aura and the threatening mystery.In the middle of the World War I,in 1917 Carra and de Chirico continued to develop the Metaphysical painting style.Later French Surrealists happenned to find it interesting.

The Song of Love by Giorgio Chirico

The Disquieting Muses by Giorgio de Chirico

DADA

Dada or Dadaism began during World War I and continued from 1916 to 1922.It is cultural movement that occured in Zurich and Switzerland.Dadaism was against the brutality of the war.They believed that  in art and in social life there had to be a repressive intellectual stiffness.It was begun by a group of artists and poets.Some believe that the word DADA does not make any sense and the root of the name is indefinite.Others say that its root comes from Romanian artists Tristan Tzara and Marcel Janco.They always used the word da,which means yes in Romanian language.Dadaism comprise literature ,poetry,theatre,graphic design and visual arts.Its main intention was to make fun of how meaningles is the modern world.Dada was anti-war,socialist anti bourgeois. Its proponents saw Dada as an anti-art because it was the opposite of aesthetic and didin't concern of everything if it appealed to sensibilitiesCover of the first edition of the publication DADA by Tristan Tzara, 1917

Synchromism

The art movement synchromism was founded  by Morgan Russell and Stanton Macdonald -Wright.They were American artists ,painters.In 1913-1914 they were living in Paris and focused on color and painting 'synchromies' in other words abstract works.The movement was actually about how colour and sound resemble and in the painting colors can be harmoniously orchastrated.Russel and Wright believed that their work could recall musical sensations.They used colour scales and and rhythmical color forms.The first synchromist painting 'Russell's synchromy in Green' exhibited at the Paris Salon des Independants in 1913.Synchromism was the first American avant-garde art movement.It had the internaitonal attention.

Stanton Macdonald Wright,Airplane Synchromy in Yellow-Orange(1920)

Morgan Russel ,Cosmic Synchromy (1913-1914)