Section d'Or

Section d'or is a french word which means 'golden section'.It is a Paris based association of Cubist painters.It was also known as Groupe de Puteaux or Puteaux Group. A term was coined by the French poet Guillaume Apollinaire.They were active from 1912 to around 1914.An exhibition at the Galerie la Boetie in Paris in 1912 was the initial reason of why the movement began.The group adopted name to be different from Cubism which was developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in the Montmarte quarter of Paris.The World War which was occured in 1914 largely ended the activities of the group.




Members of the group:

• Guillaume Apollinaire - (1880–1918), Italian
• Robert Delaunay - (1885–1941), French
• Marcel Duchamp - (1887–1968), French
• Raymond Duchamp-Villon - (1876–1918), French
• Henri le Fauconnier - (1881–1946), French
• Roger de la Fresnaye - (1885–1925), French
• Albert Gleizes - (1881–1953), French
• Frantisek Kupka - (1871–1957), Czech
• Fernand Léger - (1881–1955), French
• André Lhote - (1885–1962), French
• Louis Marcoussis - (1878–1941), Polish
• Jean Metzinger - (1883–1956), French
• Francis Picabia - (1879–1953), French/Spanish
• Maurice Princet - (1875–1973), French
• Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes - (1884–1974), French
• Jeanne Rij-Rousseau - (1870–1956), French
• Henry Valensi - (1883–1960), French
• Jacques Villon - (1875–1963), French

Der Blau Reiter

         Der Blau Reiter was established in 1911 in Munich by Vassily Kandinsky and Franz Marc.It was formed as an association of painters.They organized two exhibitions that they include plastic arts and music.It was called Der Blau Reiter.Later on Gabrielle Münter, Alexej Jawlensky, Marianne von Werefkin, Alfred Kubin, Paul Klee, Arnold Schönberg  joined the group. They interested in abstracted forms and prismatic colors.The smoot perspective and reductive forms of woodcut helped  put the artists on the path toward abstraction in their painting. Die Brücke which was formed in 1905 was against to Der Blau Reiter style which was abaout realism,naturalism and impressionism.
        The name Der Blau Reiter (blue rider) refers to a key motif in Kandinsky's work the horse and rider which was a symbol for him for moving beyond realistic representation.                

Vasily Kandinsky 

Picture with an Archer(1909)

Der Blaue Reiter dissolved with the outbreak of World War I in August 1914. Kandinsky, a Russian citizen, was forced to return to his homeland, and Marc and another Blaue Reiter artist, August Macke, were killed in action.

Franz Marc

The World Cow (1913)